Everything about Pan-americanism totally explained
Pan-Americanism is a movement which, through diplomatic, political, economic and social means, seeks to create, encourage and organize relationships, associations and cooperation between the states of the
Americas in common interests.
History
The struggle for independence after
1810 by the
Latin American nations evoked a sense of unity, especially in
South America where, under
Simón Bolívar in the north and
José de San Martín in the south, there were cooperative efforts.
Francisco Morazán briefly headed a
Federal Republic of Central America. Early South American Pan-Americanists were also inspired by the
American Revolutionary War, where a suppressed and colonized society struggled united and gained its independence. However, long before the U.S. could achieve its goal of a country made up of truly unified states, non-U.S. Pan-Americanists were planning to unite South America as one nation. In the United States,
Henry Clay and
Thomas Jefferson set forth the principles of
Pan-Americanism in the early
1800s, and soon afterward the United States declared through the
Monroe Doctrine a new policy with regard to interference by
European nations in the affairs of the
Americas. Initially welcomed as a source of protection from the encroachments of European powers, the doctrine later came to be seen by many Latin American intellectuals as a mask for U.S.
imperialistic ambitions.
In the
19th century, Latin American military
nationalism came to the fore.
Venezuela and
Ecuador withdrew (
1830) from
Gran Colombia; the Central American Federation collapsed (
1838);
Argentina and
Brazil fought continually over
Uruguay, and then all three combined in the
War of the Triple Alliance (
1865-
70) to defeat
Paraguay; and in the
War of the Pacific (
1879-
83),
Chile defeated
Peru and
Bolivia. However, during this same period Pan-Americanism existed in the form of a series of Inter-American Conferences—
Panama (
1826),
Lima (
1847),
Santiago (
1856), and Lima (
1864). The main object of those meetings was to provide for a common defense. The first of the modern
Pan-American Conferences was held in
Washington, DC (
1889-
90), with all nations represented except the
Dominican Republic. Treaties for
arbitration of disputes and adjustment of
tariffs were adopted, and the Commercial Bureau of the American Republics, which became the
Pan-American Union, was established. Subsequent meetings were held in various Latin American cities.
Evolution of Pan-Americanism
The intended liberalization of commercial intercourse didn't occur, but collaboration was extended to a series of areas, such as health (
Pan-American Health Organization), geography and history (
Pan-American Institute of Geography and History), child protection and children's rights (
International American Institute for the Protection of Children), rights of the woman (
Inter-American Commission of Women), indigenous policies (
Inter-American Indigenist Institute), agriculture (
Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences) collective continental defense (
Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Attendance), economic aid (
Inter-American Development Bank), human rights (
Inter-American Court of Human Rights), infrastructure works (
Pan-American Highway) and
peacekeeping (
Inter-American Peace Force).
The American states also adopted a series of diplomatic and political rules, which were not always respected or fulfilled, governing relations between the countries, like the following ones: arbitration of disputes, peaceful resolution of conflicts, military non-intervention, equality among the member states of each organism and in their mutual relations, decisions by means of resolutions approved by the majority, the recognition of diplomatic asylum, the
Private International Law Code (Bustamente Code), the inter-American system of human rights (
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man;
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, along with its protocols and associate conventions; and the
Inter-American Democratic Charter of the
Organization of American States).
Congresses and conferences
Problems of Pan-Americanism
Pan-Americanism has been contradicted by the military interventions of the United States and the waging of hostilities of one American country onto another or with a foreign power.
In the first instance, the United States, primarily in the
Caribbean and
Central America, has intervened on the basis of its foreign policy interests, accentuated by the
Roosevelt Corollary (1904) of the
Monroe Doctrine that considers
Latin America a zone of direct expansion and protection of US commercial interests. It lasted until the election (1933) of
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who instituted the
Good Neighbor policy. After 1945 and during the
Cold War, the United States considers that the threat of the installation of communist or too–reformist regimes in America also necessitates intervention, albeit in a less direct manner.
Crises
2008 South American diplomatic crisis
Interventions
United States
The United States has made the following invasions and/or "interventions":
Nicaragua: 1833, 1855-57, 1867, 1894, 1896, 1909-10, 1912-25, 1926-33
Mexico: 1845-48, 1914, 1916-17
Honduras: 1863, 1896, 1903, 1905, 1907, 1911-13, 1917, 1919, 1924-29
Puerto Rico: 1898-present
Cuba: 1898, 1901-03, 1906-09, 1912, 1917-19, 1921-23, 1933, 1961
Panama: 1901, 1902, 1903, 1908, 1912-14, 1917-18, 1921, 1964, 1989-90
Dominican Republic: 1869-70, 1903-05, 1907, 1914, 1916-24, 1965-66
Haiti: 1914, 1915-35, 1944, 1994-95, 2004
Costa Rica: 1919
Guatemala: 1920, 1954
Grenada: 1983
Panama: 1989
Chile: 1973
Foreign
France
Second Mexican Empire - France established Maximilian as Emperor of Mexico, from 1864 to 1867.
Great Britain
Canada - established from remaining British colonies as a counter to the United States
Sovereignty of the Falkland Islands - a multifaceted multinational dispute.
Spain
Spanish-American War - 1898. The war began after the U.S. demand of Spain's peacefully resolving the Cuban fight for independence was rejected, though strong expansionist sentiment in the United States may also have motivated the government to target some of Spain's remaining overseas territories: Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam.
Coups d'état
Governments, particularly the United States government, have been accused of carrying false flag coups d'etat, in order to install friendly governments in foreign countries. Some coups that some believe may have been actively supported by the United States government include the following:
1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
1973 Chilean coup d'état
1991 Haiti coup d'etat
1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts
Conflicts in the Americas
List of conflicts in the AmericasFurther Information
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